Subang Regency is a regency in West Java province, Indonesia. Its capital is Subang. The regency is bordered by the Java Sea to the north, Indramayu Regency to the east, Sumedang Regency to the southeast, West Bandung Regency to the south, and Purwakarta and Karawang Regencies to the west.
Based on Subang Regency Regulation Number 3 of 2007, Subang Regency is divided into 30 sub-districts, which are further subdivided into 245 villages and 8 urban villages. The center of government is in Subang District.
The regency is crossed by the Pantura (North Coast) road, but the capital of Subang Regency is not located on this route. The Pantura route in Subang Regency is one of the busiest on Java Island. Sub-district towns along this route include Ciasem and Pamanukan. In addition to the Pantura route, Subang Regency is also crossed by the Sadang Cikamurang Alternative Road, which runs through the center of Subang Regency and connects Sadang, Purwakarta Regency, with Tomo, Sumedang Regency. This route is very busy, especially during holidays such as Eid. Subang Regency, which directly borders Bandung Regency to the south, has direct access that also connects the Pantura route with the city of Bandung. This route is quite comfortable to travel, with beautiful natural panoramas of expanses of tea plantations with cool air and passes through the tourist areas of Ciater Hot Springs and Mount Tangkuban Parahu.
The population of Subang is primarily Sundanese, and they speak Sundanese as their everyday language. Meanwhile, the coastal districts of Subang and several districts along the Cipunegara River, bordering Indramayu Regency, use the Cirebon dialect, which is almost identical to the Cirebon dialect of Indramayu, better known as the Dermayon dialect.
Prehistoric times
Evidence of prehistoric communities in Subang Regency is evidenced by the discovery of stone axes in the Bojongkeding (Binong), Pagaden, Kalijati, and Dayeuhkolot (Sagalaherang) areas. These Neolithic artifacts indicate that at that time, communities in what is now Subang Regency lived off very simple agricultural practices. Furthermore, the prehistoric period also witnessed the development of bronze culture, as evidenced by the discovery of a site in Engkel Village, Sagalaherang District. Researchers are currently examining the Nyai Subanglarang site, which is thought to be the origin of the name "Subang."
The spread of Hinduism
During the development of Hindu culture, the Subang Regency region was part of three kingdoms: Tarumanagara, Galuh, and Pajajaran. During the reign of these three kingdoms, Subang Regency is thought to have had contact with several maritime kingdoms and even beyond the Indonesian archipelago. Relics in the form of Chinese ceramic shards in Patenggeng (Kalijati) prove that trade contacts with distant regions existed from the 7th to 15th centuries. Other sources state that during this period, the Subang region was under the rule of the Sunda Kingdom. The testimony of Tome' Pires, a Portuguese traveler who traveled around the Indonesian archipelago, mentions that while exploring the north coast of Java, the area east of the Cimanuk River to Banten was the territory of the Sunda Kingdom.
The time of the spread of Islam
The arrival of Islamic cultural influence in the Subang region was inseparable from the role of a prominent Islamic figure, the Goparana Dynasty, from Talaga, Majalengka. Around 1530, the Goparana Dynasty established a new settlement in Sagalaherang and spread Islam to various parts of Subang.
Dutch East Indies period
After the collapse of the Pajajaran kingdom, the Subang region, like other regions on Java, became a contested territory for various powers. The kingdoms of Banten, Mataram, Sumedanglarang, the VOC, England, and the Dutch attempted to establish influence in the area, which was suitable for plantations and strategic for reaching Batavia. During the Mataram-VOC conflict, the Subang Regency, especially in the north, served as a logistical route for Sultan Agung's troops who were about to attack Batavia. This was when a cultural mix of Javanese and Sundanese occurred, as many of Sultan Agung's troops did not return to Mataram and settled in the Subang region. In 1771, under the rule of the Sumedanglarang Kingdom, Subang, specifically in Pagaden, Pamanukan, and Ciasem, had a regent who ruled from generation to generation. During the reign of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (1811-1816), land concessions in the Subang region were granted to European private companies. The year 1812 marked the beginning of land ownership by landowners, who subsequently formed the Pamanoekan en Tjiasemlanden (P & T Lands) plantation company. This extensive land ownership persisted even after power had passed to the Dutch government. The plantation owners controlled 212,900 hectares of land at that time, with ownership rights. To administer this area, the Dutch government established districts, each with its own sub-districts. At that time, the Subang region was under the leadership of a BB (bienenlandsch bestuur) controller based in Subang.
The era of nationalism
There are few historical records of the movement in the early 20th century in Subang Regency. However, after the Sarekat Islam Congress in Bandung in 1916, branches of the Sarekat Islam organization were established in Subang in Pringkasap Village (Pabuaran) and Sukamandi (Ciasem). Furthermore, in 1928, the Paguyuban Pasundan was established, chaired by Darmodiharjo (a post office employee), with Odeng Jayawisastra (an employee of P & T Lands) as secretary. In 1930, Odeng Jayawisastra and his colleagues staged a strike at the P & T Lands printing press, which temporarily paralyzed the printing press. As a result, Odeng Jayawisastra was fired as a P & T Lands employee. Subsequently, Odeng Jayawisastra and Tohari established a branch of the Indonesian National Party based in Subang. Meanwhile, Darmodiharjo established a branch of Nahdlatul Ulama in 1935, followed by branches of Parindra and Partindo in Subang. When the Indonesian Political Association (GAPI) in Jakarta demanded that Indonesia have a parliament, a mass meeting of the Subang GAPI Branch was held at the Sukamandi Cinema to put forward similar demands to the Central GAPI.
Japanese occupation period
The Japanese naval landing on the coast of East Eretan on March 1, 1942, was followed by the capture of Kalijati air base. The capture of this base marked a significant milestone in the history of the Dutch East Indies government, as the Dutch East Indies army surrendered shortly thereafter to the Japanese. Thus, the Dutch East Indies in the archipelago immediately fell into the hands of the Japanese occupation forces. The fighters during the Dutch occupation continued their struggle through underground movements. During this Japanese occupation, Sukandi (a teacher at Landschbouw), R. Kartawiguna, and Sasmita were captured and killed by Japanese soldiers.
The period of Indonesian independence
The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in Jakarta resulted in the establishment of various struggle organizations in Subang, including the People's Security Agency (BKR), API, Pesindo, Lasykar Uruh, and others. Many of these members later became members of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). When the KNIL (National Army) reoccupied Bandung, the fighters in Subang faced them on two fronts: the southern front (Lembang) and the western front (Gunung Putri and Bekasi). In 1946, the Jakarta Residency was based in Subang. This location was certainly based on strategic considerations. The first resident was Sewaka, who later became Governor of West Java. Kusnaeni then replaced him. In December 1946, Kosasih Purwanegara was appointed, without removing Kusnaeni from his position. Shortly thereafter, Mukmin was appointed as deputy resident. During the guerrilla period during the First Dutch Military Aggression, the resident never left Subang, in accordance with the central chain of command. Together with the fighters, at that time the resident lived in the Songgom, Surian, and Cimenteng areas. On October 26, 1947, Resident Kosasih Purwanagara left Subang and the official Resident Mukmin who left Purwakarta on February 6, 1948 never sent news to his struggle area. This prompted a meeting to be held on April 5, 1948 in Cimanggu, Cimenteng Village. Under the leadership of Karlan, the meeting decided: 1. Deputy Resident Mukmin was appointed as Resident based in the Purwakarta guerrilla area. 2. The East Karawang region became East Karawang Regency with its first regent Danta Gandawikarma. 3. The West Karawang region became West Karawang Regency with its first regent Syafei. The East Karawang Regency area is the current Subang Regency and Purwakarta Regency. At that time, both regions were called Purwakarta Regency with its capital city Subang. The determination of the name of East Karawang Regency on April 5, 1948 was used as a momentum for the birth of Subang Regency which was then determined through DPRD Decree No.: 01/SK/DPRD/1977.
The level of slope and climate is seen from the level of land slope, around 80.80% of the Regency area has a slope of 0° – 17°, 10.64% with a slope of 18° – 45° while the rest (8.56% has a slope above 45°. In general, the Subang Regency area has a tropical climate, in 2005 the average rainfall per year was 2,352 mm with a number of rainy days of 100 days. With such a climate, and supported by the existence of fertile land and many rivers, most of the land area of Subang Regency is used for agriculture.
The Subang Regency area is divided into 3 regions, namely the southern region, the central region and the northern region. The southern part of the Subang Regency area consists of highlands/mountains, the central part of the Subang Regency area is a plain, while the northern part is a lowland that leads directly to the Java Sea. Most of the southern part of Subang Regency is in the form of plantations, both state plantations and community plantations, forests and tourist locations. In the central part of Subang Regency, rubber, sugar cane and fruit plantations are developing in the agricultural sector and factories in the industrial sector, in addition to housing and government centers and military installations. Then in the northern part of Subang Regency, there are technically irrigated rice fields and fish ponds and beaches.
Based on its topography, the Subang district area can be divided into 3 zones, namely:
Mountainous area (southern Subang)
This area has an elevation of between 500 and 1,500 meters above sea level and covers 41,035.09 hectares, or 20 percent of the total area of Subang Regency. It encompasses the districts of Jalancagak, Ciater, Kasomalang, Cisalak, Sagalaherang, and Serangpanjang, as well as most of Jalancagak and Cisalak districts, and most of Tanjungsiang district.
Hilly and plain areas (central Subang)
An area with an elevation between 50 and 500 meters above sea level, covering an area of 71,502.16 hectares, or 34.85 percent of the total area of Subang Regency. This zone covers the districts of Cijambe, Subang, Cibogo, Kalijati, Dawuan, and Cipeundeuy, as well as most of Purwadadi, Cikaum, and West Pagaden.
Lowland area (northern Subang)
With an altitude of between 0-50 meters above sea level, it covers 92,639.7 hectares, or 45.15 percent of the total area of Subang Regency. This area includes the districts of Pabuaran, Pagaden, Cipunagara, Compreng, Ciasem, Pusakanagara, Pusakajaya Pamanukan, Sukasari, Legonkulon, Blanakan, Patokbeusi, Tambakdahan, and part of West Pagaden.
Subang Regency is traversed by the main route in its northern region and is also used as an alternative route to Bandung, Cirebon, or Tasikmalaya. The Subang-Bandung route via Kalijati is increasingly popular with drivers due to its smooth and obstacle-free roads, especially after the opening of the Sadang Exit Toll Gate. The Jalancagak intersection is a strategic intersection because from this intersection, access to Bandung-Sumedang-Sadang via Wanayasa and Subang City itself is possible. Judging from the existing road network pattern, the accessibility of the Subang Regency road network is centric, where movement between opposing regions will pass through the Subang Regency capital, which is located in the center of the Subang Regency area as a whole. This actually has positive potential for Subang City as the center of the Subang Regency CBD in regional development efforts. However, on the other hand, accumulated negative impacts arise when the level of road network management as a means of movement accessibility is relatively low and the condition of road infrastructure in several road segments in the city is still in a state of structural damage. The lack of appreciation from the surrounding community regarding the level of accessibility performance will have a negative impact on the overall development of the region, this can be seen from the level of public concern regarding the condition of the road network when the road is in need of repair which is still relatively low, coupled with the efforts of the local government to handle similar conditions which are considered very slow. The theme "Subang People Mutual Cooperation Subang Maju" is expected to be a trigger for the enthusiasm of the Regional Government as the manager and the residents of Subang as a whole in realizing the noble ideals of Subang Regency, especially in the management efforts above.
In terms of quantity and quality, the condition of public transportation in the city of Subang has not been able to accommodate the mobility of the Subang community, this is due to the limited routes of city transportation that have not reached densely populated areas as a whole, which encourages people to prefer using private transportation rather than public transportation. The negative effects of this condition are already visible, where in several sections, especially residential roads, the intensity of congestion has become higher. This requires more serious attention to anticipate a more severe situation in the future. By learning from other, much more developed regions, the consequences of this condition will be costly if not addressed early.
The population of Subang Regency in 2012 was 1,501,647 people, consisting of 759,408 men and 742,239 women, with a population growth rate of 0.64%. While the Population Growth Rate between Censuses (SP2000-SP2010) averaged 0.97% per year. With an area of 2,051.76 km2, the population density of Subang Regency in 2012 reached 732 people/km2. Population growth in Subang Regency is still relatively low, indicating that Subang Regency is not a destination for urbanization. Government policies that position Subang Regency as one of West Java's rice barns also significantly influence population growth and population density in this region. A large and high-quality population is the capital for implementing development and the potential for increasing development in all fields. However, a large population without efforts to develop its quality will become a burden on development that should be enjoyed by the entire population.
Population growth is always influenced by birth/death rates and migration (movement of people between districts). To avoid complex problems resulting from high population density, population control through various appropriate methods must be implemented. The high rate of urbanization that results in social problems in urban areas must also be suppressed, because in addition to causing social problems in urban areas, urbanization also leaves empty spaces in rural areas (much uncultivated land is not optimally cultivated and a reduction in quality human resources in rural areas).
The population of Subang is generally Sundanese, who use Sundanese as their daily language. Meanwhile, the sub-districts in the coastal area of Subang and several sub-districts along the Cipunegara River bordering Indramayu Regency use the Cirebon language which is almost similar to the Cirebon dialect of Indramayu or better known as the Dermayo language. However, it is not completely similar because it has several insertions from the existing local language, so that one of the residents calls this jawareh which means Javanese sewareh (half Javanese). Because the guiter method as a method of distinguishing languages shows that the Cirebon language and Javanese have differences of around 75% from the requirement of 80%, many researchers still use the term Javanese Cirebon dialect to refer to the Cirebon language and all its dialects rather than directly calling it Cirebon. However, in the Regional Regulation of West Java Province No. 5 of 2003 which also has input from Cirebon-Indramayu cultural experts and other native tribes in West Java, the Regional Regulation has accommodated by providing a legal umbrella for clear protection to the Cirebon language as an independent language apart from Javanese, proof of legal protection for the mention of the Cirebon language as an independent language has also been stated in the publication of a cultural map of West Java province in 2011 which describes in detail the distribution of the Cirebon language, the Cirebon language dialect of Indramayu or commonly called basa dermayon and Javanese, so that it is clear that there is a real difference in the distribution pattern of regional languages in West Java regarding which is called the Cirebon language and which is called the Javanese language.
Because the majority of its population still earns their living as farmers and plantation laborers, Subang's economy is still heavily supported by the agricultural sector. Southern Subang boasts numerous plantations, including rubber plantations in the northwest and extensive tea plantations. Subang is renowned as a producer of pineapples, commonly known as Honey Pineapples. Honey Pineapples can be found along Jalancagak, the intersection between Wanayasa, Bandung, and Sumedang, and Subang City itself. Pineapple dodol (sweet potato dodol), cassava chips, and jam are home-made products that make excellent souvenirs.
Through a mentoring program under the auspices of the Kandaga Foundation, farmers are cultivating oyster mushrooms and fisheries in Cipunagara village. While in Cibogo village, in addition to cultivating oyster mushrooms and ornamental plants and patchouli plants, the Kandaga Foundation also promotes rabbit farming and patchouli oil distillation and bioethanol. And currently efforts are being made to cultivate rabbits, catfish farming for people with less fortunate socio-economic backgrounds who are involved in the Equality Program (Package B Program) and Literacy (PBH = Illiteracy Eradication) in order to explore and develop local resources both human resources and natural resources as well as to preserve the nation's culture and develop cultural tourism agro tourism as a national asset, especially in the Tutugan area of G. Canggah which is at an altitude of 1600 meters above sea level surrounded by a very impressive panorama. To accelerate and drive the above program, the Kandaga Foundation established a training and community empowerment center called PLPM Haur Kuning (Community Training and Empowerment Center "Hayu Urang Kumpul Ningkatkeun Elmu"). To date, it has frequently attracted visitors from the United States, South/North Korea, and Germany, as well as academic teams from local universities and practitioners from all over Indonesia in Non-Formal Education (NPE).
Education is the foundation of development. Relying solely on natural resources is crucial for development, as it also requires developing human resources. A region with high population density without a high-quality human resource base will create social insecurity, or even become a burden on development. The most realistic path to improving human resources is education.
Since 1994, the government has implemented policies to improve education, including the launch of the nine-year Compulsory Education Program. This is certainly encouraging, as it opens up opportunities for all citizens to attain the highest possible level of education. The improvement in the educational quality of the residents of Subang Regency can be seen, among other things, in literacy skills, educational attainment, and other aspects.
From the results of the 2012 HDI survey, it can be seen that the population aged 10 years and above in Subang Regency who can read and write Latin letters is 91.43%, other letters are 0.27%, while those who cannot read and write are 8.30%. When viewed from the highest education completed by the population of Subang Regency, the largest number of graduates are SD/MI at 39.25%, SLP/MTs or equivalent at 19.48%.
Creating a healthy society, regardless of gender, is one of the goals of national development. Due to limited government funding, facilities, and infrastructure, health development is structured based on key priorities. Therefore, the results may not be felt equally by all levels of society. The Subang Regency Government has undertaken various efforts to improve public health, particularly for the poor through the implementation of Jamkesmas (National Health Insurance), Jamkesda (Regional Health Insurance), and other social security programs.
Amidst the lush tea plantations, the southern region of Subang Regency boasts a continuously flowing hot spring in the Ciater area. Sari Ater is a renowned tourist destination known for its unique charm and is particularly popular during the holidays, especially during Eid al-Fitr. Besides offering hot springs, it also offers affordable and high-quality accommodations, making it ideal for families on vacation. There's also a spa located close to the Sari Ater attraction. Subang Regency also boasts a stunning natural waterfall, the Cijalu Waterfall. Although still modestly managed, Cijalu Waterfall boasts a remarkable appeal. It boasts seven waterfalls, but only two are accessible to visitors due to their proximity. The others are tucked away in the forest and quite far away. However, seeing all seven is a truly unique experience. There's also the Cileat Waterfall in Cisalak District, and the equally exotic Cibareuhbeuy Waterfall. Tangkuban Perahu (Tangkuban Parahu) volcano boasts a beautiful crater and cool air. Central Subang offers a variety of attractions, from culinary to historical and cultural attractions, such as the Al-Musabaqoh Subang Grand Mosque, the Wisma Karya Building, the Regional Museum, and more. The northern coast of Subang offers beach tourism, including Kalapa Patimban Subang Beach, which hosts the annual Nadran traditional ceremony.
Here are some famous tourist attractions in Subang Regency:
Subang boasts several arts not found in other regencies/cities. These arts have developed in Subang society since the colonial era.
The following are the original arts and culture of Subang Regency:
Subang has a football club, Persikas Subang, which plays in Division Three. The club plays at Persikas Stadium in Subang. Persikas Stadium is also frequently used as a training center for several other teams in West Java, such as Persib Bandung, Persikab Kabupaten Bandung, and Bandung FC, during their pre-season training camps.
In addition to football, Subang Regency has produced outstanding athletes in rowing, judo, weightlifting, motor racing, sepak takraw, etc. Some of them have won gold medals at the 17th National Sports Week in East Kalimantan Province.
Source: Subang Regency Website, Wikipedia
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