Cirebon Regency is a regency in West Java Province, located in the eastern part and bordering Central Java. In the agricultural sector, Cirebon Regency is one of the rice-producing areas located along the Pantura (North Coast) route.
Cirebon Regency is located on the coast of the Java Sea. Geographically, Cirebon Regency is located between 6°30’–7°00’ South Latitude and 108°40’–108°48’ East Longitude. The northern part is lowland, while the southwest is mountainous, namely the slopes of Mount Ciremai. The land area stretches from northwest to southeast. Cirebon Regency is bordered by:
Originally, Cirebon was a prominent Islamic sultanate in West Java in the 15th and 16th centuries AD, and a vital base on inter-island trade and shipping routes. Its location on the north coast of Java, which borders Central Java and West Java, made it a port and a "bridge" between Javanese and Sundanese cultures, creating a unique culture, namely Cirebon culture, which is neither dominated by Javanese nor Sundanese culture.
According to Sulendraningrat who based it on the Babad Tanah Sunda manuscript and Atja on the Carita Purwaka Caruban Nagari manuscript, Cirebon was originally a small hamlet built by Ki Gedeng Tapa, which gradually developed into a busy village and was given the name Caruban (Sundanese: mixed), because there were a mix of immigrants from various ethnic groups, religions, languages, customs, and different livelihoods to live or trade.
Given that the majority of the community's livelihood was initially fishing, the occupation of catching fish and rebon (small shrimp) along the coast developed, as well as the production of shrimp paste, shrimp paste, and salt. The term "belendrang" (water used to make shrimp paste) from rebon shrimp evolved from the Sundanese word "cai-rebon" (rebon water), which later became Cirebon.
Supported by a bustling port and the natural resources of its interior, Cirebon later became a major city and a vital port on the north coast of Java, both for shipping and trade within the Indonesian archipelago and with the rest of the world. Furthermore, Cirebon grew to become a center for the spread of Islam in West Java.
Early development
With Height Tapa
Ki Gedeng Tapa (or also known as Ki Gedeng Jumajan Jati) was a Mangkubumi from the Sing Apura Kingdom (This kingdom was tasked with managing the port of Muarajati, Cirebon after there was no successor to the throne in the neighboring kingdom, namely Surantaka after the daughter of the ruler, namely Nyi Ambet Kasih, married Jayadewata (Prabu Silih Wangi)).
During the arrival of Prince Walangsungsang and Nyimas Rara Santang to Cirebon to deepen their Islamic religion, Prince Walangsungsang then built a residence called Gedong Witana in 1428 AD. which is now part of the Kanoman palace complex, Kanoman sultanate, after receiving sufficient religious instruction, Prince Walangsungsang and Nyimas Rara Santang then performed the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, there Nyimas Rara Santang found his soul mate, namely an Arab dignitary and married so Nyimas did not return to Cirebon. After returning from the Hajj, Prince Walangsungsang was asked by his teacher to clear land to create a new village as the embryo of the country he aspired to, after choosing from several places it was finally decided that the new village would be built in the Kebon Pesisir area.
Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang
According to oral history and some chronicles regarding this matter, it is said that Prince Walangsungsang was ordered by his teacher Syekh Datuk Kahfi (Nur Jati) to clear land in the Kebon Pesisir area, but it is said that Kebon Pesisir was not completely empty because there was already a husband and wife, namely Ki Danusela and his wife who lived there, finally as a form of respect, the first Kuwu (Village Head) of Caruban who was appointed by the new community was Ki Danusela with the title Ki Gedeng Alang-alang, as Pangraksabumi or his deputy, Raden Walangsungsang was appointed, namely the son of Prabu Siliwangi and Nyi Mas Subanglarang or Subangkranjang, who was none other than the daughter of Ki Gedeng Tapa. After Ki Gedeng Alang-alang died, Walangsungsang who also had the title Ki Cakrabumi was appointed as his successor as the second kuwu, with the title Pangeran Cakrabuana. [citation needed]
Stand
Prince Cakrabuana and Dalem Agung Pakungwati (1430- 1479)
Prince Cakrabuana was a descendant of Pajajaran. The first son of Sri Baduga Maharaja Prabu Siliwangi by his first wife, Subanglarang (daughter of Ki Gedeng Tapa). Raden Walangsungsang had two half-siblings, Nyai Rara Santang and Raden Kian Santang.
As the eldest son, he was denied the right to be crown prince of Pakuan Pajajaran. This was because he embraced Islam (inherited by Subanglarang, his mother), while at that time (16th century) the majority religions in Pajajaran were Sunda Wiwitan (the ancestral religion of the Sundanese people), Hinduism, and Buddhism. His position was succeeded by his younger brother, Prabu Surawisesa, son of Prabu Siliwangi by his second wife, Nyai Cantring Manikmayang. [citation needed]
Prince Walangsungsang then made a hamlet in Kebon Pesisir, built Kuta Kosod (a red brick wall arrangement without spaces) established Dalem Agung Pakungwati and formed a government in Cirebon in 1430 AD. Thus, the one who is considered the first founder of the Cirebon Sultanate is Walangsungsang or Prince Cakrabuana. Prince Cakrabuana, who after performing the Hajj pilgrimage was then called Haji Abdullah Iman, appeared as the first "king" of Cirebon who ruled from the Pakungwati palace and actively spread Islam to the people of Cirebon.
The establishment of this sultanate is closely related to the existence of the Demak Sultanate.
Sunan Gunung Jati (1479-1568)
In 1478, a meeting of the saints was held in Tuban Regency, East Java to find a replacement for Sunan Ampel as the leader of the saints. Finally, Syarif Hidayatullah (Sunan Gunung Jati) was chosen. From then on, the center of the saints' activities was moved to Mount Sembung, Gunung Jati District, Cirebon Regency, West Java Province. This center of religious activities was later called Puser Bumi (Indonesian: center of the world).
In 1479 AD, Prince Walangsungsang's position as ruler of Cirebon was replaced by his younger brother's son, Syarif Hidayatullah (son of Nyai Rarasantang's marriage with Syarif Abdullah from Egypt) who had previously married Nyimas Pakungwati (daughter of Prince Walangsungsang and Nyai Indang Geulis) who after his death was known as Sunan Gunung Jati with the title Tumenggung Syarif Hidayatullah bin Maulana Sultan Muhammad Syarif Abdullah and also had the title Ingkang Sinuhun Kangjeng Susuhunan Jati Purba Panetep Panatagama Awlya Allah Kutubid in the era of the Caliphate of the Prophet Muhammad.
Syarif Hidayatullah through the Wali Sanga institution always approached his grandfather, namely Jaya Dewata (Prabu Silih Wangi) to be willing to embrace Islam like his grandmother Nyai Subang Larang who had been a Muslim for a long time before marrying Prabu Silih Wangi, but this did not produce results, in 1482 (when the power of the Galuh and Sunda kingdoms had become one again in the hands of Prabu Silih Wangi), as stated in the Purwaka Caruban Nagari manuscript by Prince Arya Carbon.
“Dwa Dasi Sukla Pakca Cetra Masa Sahasra Patangatus Papat Ikang Sakakala. (Coincides with 12 Shafar 887 Hijriah)”
On the 12th of Shafar 887 Hijriah or precisely on April 2, 1482 AD, finally Syarif Hidayatullah issued a proclamation addressed to Prabu Silih Wangi as the King of Pakuan Pajajaran that from that moment on Cirebon would no longer send tribute[7][8]. This proclamation was then followed by the dignitaries in the Cirebon region (Cirebon language: gegeden).
The rapid growth and development of the Cirebon Sultanate began with Syarif Hidayatullah, also known as Sunan Gunung Jati. Sunan Gunung Jati is believed to be the ancestor of the dynasties of kings of the Cirebon and Banten Sultanates, as well as the spread of Islam in West Java, including Majalengka, Kuningan, Kawali (Galuh), Sunda Kelapa, and Banten.
Fatahillah (1568-1570)
The power vacuum was then filled by appointing palace officials who during Sunan Gunung Jati's da'wah duties, the government was held by Fatahillah or Fadillah Khan. Fatahillah then ascended the throne, and ruled Cirebon officially as king since 1568. Fatahillah occupied the throne of the Cirebon kingdom for only two years because he died in 1570, two years after Sunan Gunung Jati died and was buried alongside Sunan Gunung Jati's tomb in the Jinem Astana Gunung Sembung Building.
Queen I (1570-1649)
After Fatahillah's death, due to the absence of any other suitable candidates for the throne, the throne fell to Sunan Gunung Jati's grandson, Pangeran Mas, the eldest son of Pangeran Dipati Carbon and Sunan Gunung Jati's great-grandson. Pangeran Mas then assumed the title Panembahan Ratu I and ruled Cirebon for approximately 79 years.
During the reign of Prince Mas Zainul Arifin, it is said that the Mataram palace began to be built around the Opak and Progo rivers in 1578 by Ki Ageng Pamanahan, but several years later he died, precisely in 1584 so that the leadership of the palace was continued by his son named Danang Sutawijaya, several years after the death of Ki Ageng Pamanahan, Sultan Hadiwijaya of the Pajang kingdom (now the territory is estimated to include the territory of the Kasunanan Surakarta and Mangkunegara) also died, precisely in 1587, at the time of the death of Sultan Pajang, Danang Sutawijaya who had not liked to face Sultan Pajang finally came to attend the Sultan's funeral ceremony. During his reign, Danang Sutawijaya expanded his territory;
Friendship with Mataram and the construction of Kuta Fort Cirebon
During the expansion and conquest of the Mataram kingdom by Danang Sutawijaya, Mataram also established a close relationship with the Cirebon Sultanate, but this relationship was not based on conquest but on friendship. The Kuta Fortress of the King of Cirebon, referred to as Benteng Seroja in the Kacirebonan Manuscript, is believed to have been built with assistance from Danang Sutawijaya, King of Mataram.
“When the same time, the city of Cirebon is still Sinaroja, Adi wuku sakubenge, There is no Durga ngaru, Like the name of the rumihin, Java mountain ancient, Katitiha ngulun, Sira koli tiwa-tiwa, Nagara gung Mataram pon anglilani, The Crebon if made
At that time, it was still closed, Kuta Cirebon was still intact, a fence was built around it, the fort was not disturbed, just like in ancient times the island of Java was fortified by mountains, so it was with Cirebon, so the great nation of Mataram also approved (helped) the project that was being carried out by Cirebon (building the Kuta Cirebon fort)"
It is estimated that the Kuta Raja Cirebon Fort was built before 1596, because the fort was mentioned on the first voyage of the Dutch in 1596[12] and three years after the signing of the friendship agreement which was actually a Dutch trade monopoly agreement for Cirebon in 1681, the fort was still recognizable.
Queen II (1649-1666)
After Panembahan Ratu I died in 1649, the reign of the Cirebon Sultanate was continued by his grandson, Prince Rasmi or Prince Karim, because Prince Rasmi's father, Prince Seda ing Gayam or Panembahan Adiningkusumah, died first. Prince Rasmi then used the title of his deceased father, Panembahan Adiningkusuma, who was later also known as Panembahan Girilaya or Panembahan Ratu II. [citation needed]
During his reign, Panembahan Girilaya was caught between two powerful forces: the Banten Sultanate and the Mataram Sultanate. Banten was suspicious because Cirebon was considered closer to Mataram (Amangkurat I was Panembahan Girilaya's father-in-law). Mataram, on the other hand, was suspicious that Cirebon was not truly close to the Sultanate, because Panembahan Girilaya and Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa of Banten were both descendants of Pajajaran. This situation culminated in the death of Panembahan Girilaya in Kartasura and the imprisonment of Prince Martawijaya and Prince Kartawijaya in Mataram.
Panembahan Girilaya was the son-in-law of Sultan Agung Hanyakrakusuma of the Mataram Sultanate. His tomb is in Yogyakarta, on Girilaya Hill, near the tombs of the Mataram kings in Imogiri, Bantul Regency. According to several sources in both Imogiri and Girilaya, Panembahan Girilaya's tomb is level with Sultan Agung's tomb in Imogiri.
Guardianship by Prince Wangsakerta
When Prince Girilaya and his two children were called to Mataram but did not return, Cirebon experienced turmoil because there was no leader in the Cirebon Sultanate, because only Prince Wangsakerta was in the Cirebon Sultanate[13] the family finally agreed that Prince Wangsakerta would become Wali until his father, Prince Girilaya, returned from Mataram.
The Split of the Cirebon Sultanate
With the death of Panembahan Girilaya, a power vacuum emerged. Prince Wangsakerta, who was in charge of the government in Cirebon during his father's absence, was concerned about the fate of his two older brothers. He then went to Banten to seek the assistance of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (son of Prince Abu Maali, who was killed in the Battle of Pagarage). He agreed to the request, seeing an opportunity to improve diplomatic relations between Banten and Cirebon. With the help of the Trunojoyo Rebels, supported by Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, the two princes were rescued.
However, apparently, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa saw another benefit from his assistance to his relatives in Cirebon, so he appointed the two Princes he saved as Sultans, Prince Mertawijaya as Sultan Kasepuhan & Prince Kertawijaya as Sultan Kanoman, while Prince Wangsakerta who had worked hard for more than 10 years was only given a small position, this divide and rule tactic was carried out to prevent Cirebon from allying again with Mataram.
Schism I (1679)
The first division of the Cirebon Sultanate thus occurred during the coronation of three sons of Panembahan Girilaya, namely Sultan Sepuh, Sultan Anom, and Panembahan Cirebon in 1679. This marked a new chapter for the Cirebon palace, where the sultanate was divided into three, each ruling and deriving subsequent sultans. Thus, the subsequent rulers of the Cirebon Sultanate were:
The title change from Panembahan to Sultan for the two eldest sons of Prince Girilaya was carried out by Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, because both were inaugurated as Sultans of Cirebon in the capital of Banten. As sultans, they each had full authority over their respective territories, people, and palaces. Prince Wangsakerta was not appointed sultan but only Panembahan. He did not have his own territory or palace, but instead stood as a Kaprabonan (Paguron), a place of study for palace intellectuals. In the tradition of the Cirebon sultanate, succession to power since 1679 has been carried out according to palace tradition, where a sultan would pass down his throne to the eldest son of his consort. If there was no successor, a grandson or great-grandson would be sought. If necessary, someone else could assume the position as an interim official.
Second Schism (1807)
The succession of subsequent sultans generally went smoothly, until the reign of Sultan Anom IV (1798-1803), where a split occurred because one of his sons, Prince Raja Kanoman, wanted to separate himself and establish his own sultanate under the name of the Kacirebonan Sultanate.
The will of Prince Raja Kanoman was supported by the Dutch colonial government with the issuance of a decree (Dutch: decree) by the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies which appointed Prince Raja Kanoman as Sultan Carbon Kacirebonan in 1807 with the limitation that his sons and successors were not entitled to the title of sultan, only the title of prince. Since then, the Cirebon Sultanate has added one more ruler, namely the Kacirebonan Sultanate, a splinter from the Kanoman Sultanate. Meanwhile, the throne of Sultan Kanoman V fell to another son of Sultan Anom IV named Sultan Anom Abusoleh Imamuddin (1803-1811).
Colonial period and independence
Following this incident, the Dutch colonial government became increasingly involved in governing Cirebon, diminishing the role of the Cirebon Sultanate's palaces in its territories. This culminated in 1906 and 1926, when the Cirebon Sultanate's government was officially abolished with the ratification of Gemeente Cheirebon (City of Cirebon), which covered an area of 1,100 hectares and a population of approximately 20,000 (Stlb. 1906 No. 122 and Stlb. 1926 No. 370). In 1942, Cirebon City was further expanded to 2,450 hectares.
During the independence period, the territory of the Cirebon Sultanate became an integral part of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Generally, the territory of the Cirebon Sultanate encompassed the City of Cirebon and the Cirebon Regency, each of which was administratively headed by Indonesian government officials, namely a mayor and a regent.
Latest developments
After Indonesian independence, the Cirebon Sultanate ceased to be the center of government and the development of Islam. Nevertheless, the existing palaces continued to serve as cultural centers, particularly in the Cirebon region and its surroundings. The Cirebon Sultanate participates in various traditional ceremonies and celebrations and has participated in the Nusantara Palace Festival (FKN) several times.
In general, the Kasepuhan Palace as the palace of Sultan Sepuh is considered the most important because it is the oldest palace which was founded in 1529, while the Kanoman Palace as the palace of Sultan Anom was founded in 1622, and the later ones are the Kacirebonan Palace and the Kaprabonan Palace.
In early March 2003, an internal conflict erupted in the Kanoman palace between Prince Raja Muhammad Emirudin and Prince Elang Muhammad Saladin over the ascension of Sultan Kanoman XII to the throne. The inauguration of these two sultans is thought to have caused divisions within the palace family.
Cirebon Regency consists of 40 sub-districts, which are further divided into 412 villages and 12 urban villages. The Cirebon Regency government center is in Sumber District, which is located south of Cirebon City. Three new sub-districts were formed in 2007: Jamblang District (a division of Klangenan District to the east), Suranenggala District (a division of Kapetakan District to the south), and Greged District (a division of Beber District to the east).
Cirebon is one of the most densely populated regencies in West Java. The population of Cirebon Regency continues to grow, however, from census to census, the average trend of population growth rate from census to census is getting slower. In 1980 the population of Cirebon Regency was only 1,331,690 people and in 1990 it was recorded at 1,648,021 people. Ten years later in 2000 the population of Cirebon Regency became 1,931,068 people. The preliminary results from the processing of SP2010-L1.P212, SP2010-C2, and SP2010-L2 data (conditions as of July 15, 2010) were 2,065,142 people with a composition of 1,057,501 male residents and 1,007,641 female residents.
According to preliminary figures from the 2010 Indonesian Population Census, Sumber District is the most populous district with 80,914 people, followed by Gunungjati District with 77,712. Meanwhile, the least populous districts in Cirebon Regency are Pasaleman District with 24,912 people and Karangwareng District with 26,554 people.
According to the latest population data provided by the Population and Civil Registry Service (Disdukcapil) of Cirebon Regency, the population of Cirebon Regency as of April 30, 2013 was 2,957,257 people.
The culture inherent in the Cirebon people is a blend of various cultures that have emerged, creating their own distinctive characteristics. This is evident in several typical Cirebon performances, including Tarling, the Cirebon Mask Dance, Sintren, Gembyung Art, and Cirebonan Sandiwara.
This city also has several handicrafts including Cirebon Masks, Glass Paintings, Rattan Flowers, and Batik.
One of the distinctive features of batik from Cirebon that is not found elsewhere is the Mega Mendung motif, which is a motif shaped like clumps of clouds that usually form a frame for the main image.
The Mega Mendung motif was created by Prince Cakrabuana (1452-1479), and is still frequently used today. The motif was influenced by the Cirebon palaces. Initially, Cirebon batik was known only within the palace circles. Today, the Mega Mendung motif is widely used in Cirebon by various groups. Furthermore, there are also batik motifs adapted to the characteristics of coastal communities.
College
The people of northern Cirebon generally use Cirebonese as their everyday language. Cirebonese is quite distinct from standard Javanese, having its own wyakarana, or grammar, that does not follow Javanese grammatical patterns. It is spoken in the western part of Cirebon Regency and throughout the coastal districts in the eastern part of Cirebon Regency.
Meanwhile, in inland areas such as Pasaleman, Ciledug and surrounding districts which border Kuningan Regency or other inland areas bordering Majalengka Regency and Brebes Regency, Cirebon Sundanese is used with its various dialects.
Javanese is also mixed with Cirebon and Cirebon Sundanese in several areas bordering Brebes Regency, including Losari, Pabedilan, Ciledug and Pasaleman Districts.
Cirebon is located on the Pantura (North Coast) route, serving as the main gateway to the east of West Java province, in Losari District. During the homecoming season, this route is one of the busiest in Indonesia. Cirebon also serves as the location for the Palimanan-Kanci toll road.
Infrastructure
Means
Shopping tour
Trusmi Batik
In Trusmi and Panembahan villages, you can find many home industries selling Cirebon's distinctive batik. These batik centers are busier on weekends, attracting buyers from out of town and abroad. The Mega Mendung motif is a famous batik motif from this area.
Setu Cake Market
Setu Cake Market is located in Plered District. These cakes, sold throughout Indonesia and mostly in the form of snacks, are produced by cottage industries in Setu Village and the surrounding area.
Cirebon's typical snacks which are very suitable as souvenirs mostly have unique names, including buffalo skin/rambak crackers, melarat crackers, geol crackers, booger crackers, gendar crackers, jengkol crackers, marning corn, mini rengginang, emping, kelitik, atom cake, maypilow, andul flower, ladu, simpil, gapit, otokowok, opak, welus, sagon, and many more.
Around Plered, you will also find many rubber sandal sellers, whose sales have spread throughout the archipelago.
Pilgrimage Tourism
Tourism forest
Ciperna Golf Course
This area is located on the edge of the Cirebon-Kuningan highway with a hilly land contour 5 km south of the city of Cirebon, at an altitude of 200 m above sea level.
The main attraction of this area is the beautiful view of Cirebon city with the open sea as a backdrop to the north, while Mount Ciremai is in a charming setting to the south. Based on Regional Regulation No. 25 of 1996, the Ciperna tourist area was designated as 300 hectares, allocated for five development areas, including:
Belawa
This tourist location is approximately 25 km east of Sumber City. Its main attraction is the distinctively shaped turtle (Aquatic Tortoise Ortilia norneensis), known by its Latin name. It holds an interesting legend surrounding its existence in Belawa Village, Sedong District. According to research, it is a rare species of turtle and deserves protection. This tourist attraction is planned to be developed into a more comprehensive area, namely a turtle park or reptile park.
Lake Sedong
Located in Sedong District, approximately 26 km from the center of Sumber City, this lake covers an area of 62.5 hectares. Besides its beautiful panorama, it's also known as a place of exile, serving as a water recreation and fishing spot.
Palimanan Hot Springs
This tourist attraction, located in Palimanan District, about 16 km from Cirebon towards Bandung, is a hot spring with sulfur content believed to cure skin diseases. The hot springs are located near the Kapur Mountains, Mount Kromong, which boasts the unique characteristic of constantly shifting springs.
I will cry.
The Plangon tourist attraction is located in Babakan Village, Sumber District, approximately 10 km from Cirebon City. It offers a scenic recreation area inhabited by a group of wild monkeys. Besides the recreational area, it also houses the tombs of Prince Kejaksan and Prince Panjunan. The peak of the event usually occurs during the Plangon pilgrimage on the 2nd of Shawwal, the 11th of Dzulhijjah, and the 27th of Rajab. The development covers approximately 10 hectares of land, owned by the Sultanate. The average annual visitor capacity is approximately 58,000.
Situ Patok
Situ Patok has an area of 175 hectares and is located in Setu Patok Village, approximately 6 km from Cirebon City towards Tegal. This tourist attraction, apart from having a beautiful panorama, also provides water recreation and fishing facilities.
This location has the potential for development, covering approximately 7 hectares of state-owned land. The necessary infrastructure includes the construction of a pier, the provision of motorboats, fishing facilities, and the construction of an artistic restaurant. The road to the location is in good condition and wide, electricity is readily available, and there is currently a significant public interest in visiting this tourist attraction.
Cikalahang
The Cikalahang area is a newly developed area with abundant natural resources. The initial tourist target was the Telaga Remis tourist attraction, managed by the Perum Perhutani KPH Kuningan and located in the Kuningan area.
To this day, the Telaga Remis area continues to attract tourists, providing a reliable source of income. The access to this tourist attraction passes through Cikalahang Village in Cirebon Regency, thus benefiting the surrounding community and supporting other businesses. Furthermore, the Cikalahang area has developed into a unique attraction, with its grilled fish restaurants and eateries attracting numerous visitors. With such a large number of visitors, the area has rapidly developed into a culinary tourism destination, attracting many visitors on holidays.
Selling the attractive natural conditions with water sources from the foot of Mount Ciremai that never dry up, it is very possible to open a natural swimming pool business opportunity with modern facilities and a camping ground.
The Cikalahang tourist area is located approximately 6 km from Sumber City and 1 km from the Cirebon-Majalengka alternative road with a natural environment that is still pristine.
Ciwaringin Ecotourism
This tourist forest showcases natural beauty and is abundant with eucalyptus trees. It offers a hiking and motocross track. It also features Lake Ciranca, a popular fishing spot. It is located in Ciwaringin Village, Ciwaringin District, 17 km from Sumber City.
Source: Cirebon Regency Site, Wikipedia
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